Cardiac Involvement

About 14% of males and 5% of females have cardiovascular disease [Hunter 2002] - annual cardiac examination, including echocardiogram by age ten and repeated every five to ten years is recommended.

bullet

abnormalities of the mitral, tricuspid, and aortic valves - mitral valve stenosis

bullet

short chordae

bullet

cardiomyopathy

bullet

congestive heart failure

bullet

dilation of the aorta and pulmonary artery

bullet

cardiac anomolies may contribute to shortened lifespan